Saros 16

Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 16

Fred Espenak

Introduction

A solar eclipse occurs whenever the Moon's shadow passes across Earth's surface. At least two solar eclipses and as many as five occur every year.

The periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses is governed by the Saros cycle, a period of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). When two eclipses are separated by a period of one Saros, they share a very similar geometry. The two eclipses occur at the same node with the Moon at nearly the same distance from Earth and the same time of year due to a harmonic in three cycles of the Moon's orbit. Thus, the Saros is useful for organizing eclipses into families or series. Each series typically lasts 12 to 13 centuries and contains 70 or more eclipses. Every saros series begins with a number of partial eclipses near one of Earth's polar regions. The series will then produce several dozen central eclipses before ending with a group of partial eclipses near the opposite pole. For more information, see Periodicity of Solar Eclipses.

Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 16

The table below lists the concise characteristics of every solar eclipse belonging to Saros 16 . The date and time of each eclipse is given for the instant of Greatest Eclipse. For eclipses between the years -1999 to 3000, the calendar date links to a web page containing additional details and a map showing the geographic region of eclipse visibility for that eclipse. A description of each parameter in the catalog table can be found in Key to Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses.

Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 16
Seq Num Rel Num Calendar Date TD of Greatest Eclipse ΔT

s
ΔT Sigma
s
Luna Num Ecl Type QLE Gamma Ecl Mag Lat

°
Long

°
Sun Alt
°
Path Width km Central Dur
1-34 -2456-Jul-2323:06:34 58120 5862 -55107 Pb t- -1.5214 0.0587 65S 52E 0 - -
2-33 -2438-Aug-0406:21:48 57630 5770 -54884 P t- -1.4755 0.1417 64S 68W 0 - -
3-32 -2420-Aug-1413:45:05 57143 5678 -54661 P t- -1.4366 0.2117 63S 169E 0 - -
4-31 -2402-Aug-2521:16:04 56658 5587 -54438 P t- -1.4042 0.2693 62S 45E 0 - -
5-30 -2384-Sep-0504:55:38 56174 5496 -54215 P t- -1.3792 0.3137 61S 81W 0 - -
6-29 -2366-Sep-1612:41:51 55693 5406 -53992 P t- -1.3600 0.3475 61S 152E 0 - -
7-28 -2348-Sep-2620:35:53 55214 5317 -53769 P t- -1.3473 0.3698 61S 23E 0 - -
8-27 -2330-Oct-0804:35:13 54737 5228 -53546 P t- -1.3393 0.3840 61S 108W 0 - -
9-26 -2312-Oct-1812:39:18 54262 5141 -53323 P t- -1.3356 0.3907 61S 121E 0 - -
10-25 -2294-Oct-2920:46:12 53789 5053 -53100 P t- -1.3345 0.3928 61S 12W 0 - -
11-24 -2276-Nov-0904:55:07 53319 4967 -52877 P t- -1.3357 0.3910 61S 145W 0 - -
12-23 -2258-Nov-2013:02:52 52850 4881 -52654 P t- -1.3362 0.3903 62S 83E 0 - -
13-22 -2240-Nov-3021:07:59 52383 4796 -52431 P t- -1.3349 0.3925 62S 50W 0 - -
14-21 -2222-Dec-1205:08:36 51919 4712 -52208 P t- -1.3306 0.3996 63S 179E 0 - -
15-20 -2204-Dec-2213:04:03 51456 4628 -51985 P t- -1.3229 0.4124 64S 49E 0 - -
16-19 -2185-Jan-0220:50:23 50996 4545 -51762 P t- -1.3081 0.4370 65S 80W 0 - -
17-18 -2167-Jan-1304:29:03 50537 4462 -51539 P t- -1.2876 0.4712 66S 154E 0 - -
18-17 -2149-Jan-2411:56:56 50081 4381 -51316 P t- -1.2586 0.5196 67S 29E 0 - -
19-16 -2131-Feb-0319:16:42 49627 4300 -51093 P t- -1.2233 0.5790 68S 94W 0 - -
20-15 -2113-Feb-1502:23:33 49175 4219 -50870 P t- -1.1778 0.6559 69S 146E 0 - -
21-14 -2095-Feb-2509:22:43 48725 4140 -50647 P t- -1.1262 0.7435 70S 26E 0 - -
22-13 -2077-Mar-0816:10:28 48276 4061 -50424 P t- -1.0651 0.8476 71S 90W 0 - -
23-12 -2059-Mar-1822:51:12 47831 3982 -50201 A- t- -0.9982 0.9621 71S 154E 0 - -
24-11 -2041-Mar-3005:22:34 47387 3905 -49978 A t- -0.9233 0.9360 65S 19W 22 62305m14s
25-10 -2023-Apr-0911:49:40 46945 3828 -49755 A p- -0.8445 0.9402 53S 134W 32 41005m34s
26 -9 -2005-Apr-2018:10:46 46505 3752 -49532 A p- -0.7605 0.9436 42S 120E 40 31705m53s
27 -8 -1987-May-0100:28:44 46067 3676 -49309 A p- -0.6734 0.9464 32S 17E 47 26406m10s
28 -7 -1969-May-1206:44:32 45632 3601 -49086 A p- -0.5840 0.9485 22S 84W 54 23106m24s
29 -6 -1951-May-2213:01:15 45198 3527 -48863 A p- -0.4946 0.9502 13S 177E 60 20906m34s
30 -5 -1933-Jun-0219:19:31 44767 3454 -48640 A p- -0.4061 0.9513 5S 78E 66 19506m39s
31 -4 -1915-Jun-1301:40:57 44337 3381 -48417 A p- -0.3196 0.9518 3N 21W 71 18606m40s
32 -3 -1897-Jun-2408:08:08 43910 3309 -48194 A nn -0.2371 0.9519 9N 121W 76 18106m36s
33 -2 -1879-Jul-0414:42:07 43485 3237 -47971 A nn -0.1594 0.9516 15N 138E 81 17906m28s
34 -1 -1861-Jul-1521:23:28 43061 3167 -47748 A nn -0.0873 0.9510 19N 37E 85 18006m18s
35 0 -1843-Jul-2604:14:02 42640 3097 -47525 A nn -0.0219 0.9502 22N 66W 89 18306m09s
36 1 -1825-Aug-0611:14:46 42221 3027 -47302 A nn 0.0357 0.9491 23N 172W 88 18706m01s
37 2 -1807-Aug-1618:26:46 41804 2959 -47079 A nn 0.0850 0.9481 24N 80E 85 19205m55s
38 3 -1789-Aug-2801:48:05 41389 2891 -46856 A nn 0.1274 0.9470 23N 31W 83 19605m52s
39 4 -1771-Sep-0709:21:42 40976 2824 -46633 A nn 0.1605 0.9462 20N 145W 81 20105m50s
40 5 -1753-Sep-1817:04:57 40566 2757 -46410 A nn 0.1863 0.9456 18N 98E 79 20405m50s
Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 16
Seq Num Rel Num Calendar Date TD of Greatest Eclipse ΔT

s
ΔT Sigma
s
Luna Num Ecl Type QLE Gamma Ecl Mag Lat

°
Long

°
Sun Alt
°
Path Width km Central Dur
41 6 -1735-Sep-2900:58:43 40157 2691 -46187 A nn 0.2043 0.9454 14N 22W 78 20505m50s
42 7 -1717-Oct-1008:59:33 39750 2626 -45964 A nn 0.2172 0.9456 10N 144W 77 20505m51s
43 8 -1699-Oct-2017:08:44 39346 2562 -45741 Am nn 0.2240 0.9464 6N 91E 77 20205m50s
44 9 -1681-Nov-0101:22:40 38943 2498 -45518 A nn 0.2277 0.9477 2N 34W 77 19705m47s
45 10 -1663-Nov-1109:40:31 38543 2435 -45295 A nn 0.2286 0.9497 2S 161W 77 18905m40s
46 11 -1645-Nov-2218:00:04 38144 2373 -45072 A nn 0.2289 0.9523 5S 72E 77 17905m30s
47 12 -1627-Dec-0302:20:05 37748 2311 -44849 A nn 0.2292 0.9557 8S 55W 77 16605m13s
48 13 -1609-Dec-1410:38:03 37354 2250 -44626 A nn 0.2321 0.9596 9S 179E 77 15104m50s
49 14 -1591-Dec-2418:52:22 36961 2190 -44403 A nn 0.2389 0.9642 10S 54E 76 13304m20s
50 15 -1572-Jan-0503:02:25 36571 2131 -44180 A -n 0.2499 0.9693 10S 70W 76 11403m45s
51 16 -1554-Jan-1511:07:01 36183 2072 -43957 A -n 0.2659 0.9749 8S 167E 75 9303m03s
52 17 -1536-Jan-2619:04:02 35797 2014 -43734 A -n 0.2893 0.9809 5S 46E 73 7102m18s
53 18 -1518-Feb-0602:54:27 35413 1956 -43511 A -n 0.3189 0.9871 1S 74W 71 4801m31s
54 19 -1500-Feb-1710:37:02 35031 1900 -43288 A -n 0.3560 0.9934 4N 167E 69 2500m45s
55 20 -1482-Feb-2718:13:33 34652 1844 -43065 A -n 0.3991 0.9997 10N 50E 66 100m02s
56 21 -1464-Mar-1001:41:24 34274 1789 -42842 H -p 0.4501 1.0058 16N 66W 63 2200m36s
57 22 -1446-Mar-2109:04:31 33898 1734 -42619 H -p 0.5059 1.0117 24N 179E 59 4601m09s
58 23 -1428-Mar-3116:21:13 33525 1680 -42396 T -p 0.5680 1.0171 32N 64E 55 7101m34s
59 24 -1410-Apr-1123:34:19 33153 1627 -42173 T -p 0.6338 1.0220 40N 50W 50 9601m52s
60 25 -1392-Apr-2206:43:18 32784 1575 -41950 T -p 0.7038 1.0261 50N 163W 45 12402m03s
61 26 -1374-May-0313:51:30 32417 1523 -41727 T -p 0.7753 1.0295 59N 82E 39 15802m07s
62 27 -1356-May-1320:58:45 32051 1473 -41504 T -p 0.8485 1.0317 69N 37W 32 20302m04s
63 28 -1338-May-2504:06:19 31688 1422 -41281 T -t 0.9220 1.0327 79N 176W 22 29001m54s
64 29 -1320-Jun-0411:16:28 31327 1373 -41058 Tn -t 0.9942 1.0300 73N 18W 4 - 01m30s
65 30 -1302-Jun-1518:30:05 30968 1324 -40835 P -t 1.0643 0.8886 67N 143W 0 - -
66 31 -1284-Jun-2601:49:09 30611 1276 -40612 P -t 1.1307 0.7638 66N 95E 0 - -
67 32 -1266-Jul-0709:13:01 30256 1229 -40389 P -t 1.1937 0.6448 65N 28W 0 - -
68 33 -1248-Jul-1716:45:26 29903 1183 -40166 P -t 1.2507 0.5371 64N 153W 0 - -
69 34 -1230-Jul-2900:24:37 29552 1137 -39943 P -t 1.3030 0.4382 64N 81E 0 - -
70 35 -1212-Aug-0808:12:45 29203 1092 -39720 P -t 1.3486 0.3520 63N 47W 0 - -
71 36 -1194-Aug-1916:08:46 28857 1048 -39497 P -t 1.3885 0.2768 62N 176W 0 - -
72 37 -1176-Aug-3000:15:06 28512 1004 -39274 P -t 1.4207 0.2164 62N 52E 0 - -
73 38 -1158-Sep-1008:29:37 28170 962 -39051 P -t 1.4471 0.1671 61N 82W 0 - -
74 39 -1140-Sep-2016:52:37 27829 920 -38828 P -t 1.4673 0.1294 61N 142E 0 - -
75 40 -1122-Oct-0201:23:37 27491 879 -38605 P -t 1.4816 0.1029 61N 4E 0 - -
76 41 -1104-Oct-1210:02:31 27154 838 -38382 P -t 1.4900 0.0875 61N 136W 0 - -
77 42 -1086-Oct-2318:46:29 26820 799 -38159 P -t 1.4951 0.0782 61N 83E 0 - -
78 43 -1068-Nov-0303:35:19 26488 760 -37936 P -t 1.4967 0.0752 61N 60W 0 - -
79 44 -1050-Nov-1412:26:47 26158 722 -37713 P -t 1.4968 0.0749 62N 157E 0 - -
80 45 -1032-Nov-2421:20:47 25830 684 -37490 P -t 1.4954 0.0773 63N 13E 0 - -
Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 16
Seq Num Rel Num Calendar Date TD of Greatest Eclipse ΔT

s
ΔT Sigma
s
Luna Num Ecl Type QLE Gamma Ecl Mag Lat

°
Long

°
Sun Alt
°
Path Width km Central Dur
81 46 -1014-Dec-0606:13:02 25504 648 -37267 P -t 1.4956 0.0764 63N 131W 0 - -
82 47 -0996-Dec-1615:05:05 25180 620 -37044 P -t 1.4965 0.0738 64N 85E 0 - -
83 48 -0978-Dec-2723:52:12 24858 613 -36821 P -t 1.5015 0.0634 65N 58W 0 - -
84 49 -0959-Jan-0708:35:55 24538 606 -36598 P -t 1.5099 0.0465 66N 160E 0 - -
85 50 -0941-Jan-1817:11:32 24220 600 -36375 Pe -t 1.5248 0.0169 67N 18E 0 - -

Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 16

Solar eclipses of Saros 16 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse. The series began with a partial eclipse in the southern hemisphere on -2456 Jul 23. The series ended with a partial eclipse in the northern hemisphere on -0941 Jan 18. The total duration of Saros series 16 is 1514.53 years.

Summary of Saros 16
First Eclipse -2456 Jul 23
Last Eclipse -0941 Jan 18
Series Duration 1514.53 Years
No. of Eclipses 85
Sequence 22P 33A 2H 7T 21P

Saros 16 is composed of 85 solar eclipses as follows:

Solar Eclipses of Saros 16
Eclipse Type Symbol Number Percent
All Eclipses - 85100.0%
PartialP 43 50.6%
AnnularA 33 38.8%
TotalT 7 8.2%
HybridH 2 2.4%

Umbral eclipses (annular, total and hybrid) can be further classified as either: 1) Central (two limits), 2) Central (one limit) or 3) Non-Central (one limit). The statistical distribution of these classes in Saros series 16 appears in the following table.

Umbral Eclipses of Saros 16
Classification Number Percent
All Umbral Eclipses 42100.0%
Central (two limits) 40 95.2%
Central (one limit) 1 2.4%
Non-Central (one limit) 1 2.4%

The 85 eclipses in Saros 16 occur in the following order : 22P 33A 2H 7T 21P

The longest and shortest central eclipses of Saros 16 as well as largest and smallest partial eclipses appear below.

Extreme Durations and Magnitudes of Solar Eclipses of Saros 16
Extrema Type Date Duration Magnitude
Longest Annular Solar Eclipse -1915 Jun 1306m40s -
Shortest Annular Solar Eclipse -1482 Feb 2700m02s -
Longest Total Solar Eclipse -1374 May 0302m07s -
Shortest Total Solar Eclipse -1320 Jun 0401m30s -
Longest Hybrid Solar Eclipse -1446 Mar 2101m09s -
Shortest Hybrid Solar Eclipse -1464 Mar 1000m36s -
Largest Partial Solar Eclipse -1302 Jun 15 - 0.88862
Smallest Partial Solar Eclipse -0941 Jan 18 - 0.01694

Eclipse Publications

by Fred Espenak

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Calendar

The Gregorian calendar (also called the Western calendar) is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named for Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in 1582. On this website, the Gregorian calendar is used for all calendar dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates.

The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..

Eclipse Predictions

The eclipse predictions presented here were generated using the JPL DE406 solar and lunar ephemerides. The lunar coordinates have been calculated with respect to the Moon's Center of Mass.

The largest uncertainty in the eclipse predictions is caused by fluctuations in Earth's rotation due primarily to tidal friction of the Moon. The resultant drift in apparent clock time is expressed as ΔT and is determined as follows:

  1. pre-1950's: ΔT calculated from empirical fits to historical records derived by Morrison and Stephenson (2004)
  2. 1955-present: ΔT obtained from published observations
  3. future: ΔT is extrapolated from current values weighted by the long term trend from tidal effects

A series of polynomial expressions have been derived to simplify the evaluation of ΔT for any time from -2999 to +3000. The uncertainty in ΔT over this period can be estimated from scatter in the measurements.

Acknowledgments

Some of the content on this web site is based on the books Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to +3000 and Thousand Year Canon of Solar Eclipses 1501 to 2500. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy.

Permission is granted to reproduce eclipse data when accompanied by a link to this page and an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, www.EclipseWise.com"

The use of diagrams and maps is permitted provided that they are NOT altered (except for re-sizing) and the embedded credit line is NOT removed or covered.