Solar Eclipse Prime Page

Hybrid Solar Eclipse of -1438 Oct 16 (1439 Oct 16 BCE)

Fred Espenak

Introduction

eclipse map

The Hybrid Solar Eclipse of -1438 Oct 16 (1439 Oct 16 BCE) is visible from the geographic regions shown on the map to the right. Click on the map to enlarge it. For an explanation of the features appearing in the map, see Key to Solar Eclipse Maps.

The instant of greatest eclipse takes place on -1438 Oct 16 at 02:34:32 TD (17:12:04 UT1). This is 2.7 days before the Moon reaches perigee. During the eclipse, the Sun is in the constellation Libra. The synodic month in which the eclipse takes place has a Brown Lunation Number of -41560.

The eclipse belongs to Saros 30 and is number 35 of 83 eclipses in the series. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s descending node. The Moon moves northward with respect to the node with each succeeding eclipse in the series and gamma increases.

The solar eclipse of -1438 Oct 16 is one of the rare hybrid solar eclipses. In this particular case the eclipse path starts out as annular. Further down the track it changes to total and then back to annular before the path ends.

The hybrid solar eclipse of -1438 Oct 16 is preceded two weeks earlier by a penumbral lunar eclipse on -1438 Sep 30.

These eclipses all take place during a single eclipse season.

The eclipse predictions are given in both Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TD) and Universal Time (UT1). The parameter ΔT is used to convert between these two times (i.e., UT1 = TD - ΔT). ΔT has a value of 33747.8 seconds for this eclipse. The uncertainty in ΔT is 1708.5 seconds corresponding to a standard error in longitude of the eclipse path of ± 7.14°.

The following links provide maps and data for the eclipse.

The tables below contain detailed predictions and additional information on the Hybrid Solar Eclipse of -1438 Oct 16 .

Eclipse Data: Hybrid Solar Eclipse of -1438 Oct 16

Eclipse Characteristics
Parameter Value
Eclipse Magnitude 1.01208
Eclipse Obscuration 1.02430
Gamma-0.24269
Conjunction Times
Event Calendar Date and Time Julian Date
Greatest Eclipse -1438 Oct 16 at 02:34:31.6 TD (17:12:03.8 UT1) 1196116.216711
Ecliptic Conjunction -1438 Oct 16 at 02:37:06.1 TD (17:14:38.4 UT1) 1196116.218500
Equatorial Conjunction -1438 Oct 16 at 02:49:02.3 TD (17:26:34.5 UT1) 1196116.226788
Geocentric Coordinates of Sun and Moon
-1438 Oct 16 at 02:34:31.6 TD (17:12:03.8 UT1)
Coordinate Sun Moon
Right Ascension12h36m32.9s12h36m04.8s
Declination-04°01'11.7"-04°13'43.8"
Semi-Diameter 16'14.2" 16'10.2"
Eq. Hor. Parallax 08.9" 0°59'20.7"
Geocentric Libration of Moon
Angle Value
l -3.5°
b 0.4°
c 22.0°
Prediction Paramaters
Paramater Value
Ephemerides JPL DE406
ΔT 33747.8 s
k (penumbra) 0.2725076
k (umbra) 0.2722810
Saros Series 30 (35/83)

Explanation of Solar Eclipse Data Tables

Penumbral Shadow Contacts and Extremes: Hybrid Solar Eclipse of -1438 Oct 16

Contacts of Penumbral Shadow with Earth
Contact Event Contact Time
TD		 Time
UT1		 Latitude Longitude
First External ContactP123:51:06.914:28:39.120°16.6'N127°23.4'W
First Internal ContactP201:53:42.116:31:14.303°14.0'S159°44.5'W
Last Internal ContactP303:15:02.417:52:34.761°44.7'S007°40.7'E
Last External ContactP405:17:45.319:55:17.638°18.6'S027°19.4'W
Extreme Northern and Southern Path Limits of Penumbra
Contact Event Contact Time
TD		 Time
UT1		 Latitude Longitude
North Extreme Path Limit 1N100:50:57.415:28:29.647°02.1'N139°31.6'W
South Extreme Path Limit 1S101:30:06.416:07:38.723°05.9'S155°19.6'W
North Extreme Path Limit 2N204:18:19.818:55:52.111°32.4'S014°51.2'W
South Extreme Path Limit 2S203:38:22.418:15:54.780°46.1'S020°02.7'E

Explanation of Penumbral Shadow Contacts and Extremes Tables

Umbral Shadow Contacts and Extremes: Hybrid Solar Eclipse of -1438 Oct 16

Contacts of Umbral Shadow with Earth
Contact Event Contact Time
TD		 Time
UT1		 Latitude Longitude
First External ContactU100:50:39.715:28:11.915°15.3'N142°39.7'W
First Internal ContactU200:50:59.115:28:31.315°12.8'N142°44.7'W
Last Internal ContactU304:17:57.018:55:29.243°21.0'S011°45.3'W
Last External ContactU404:18:11.618:55:43.943°19.1'S011°49.2'W
Extreme Northern and Southern Path Limits of Umbra
Contact Event Contact Time
TD		 Time
UT1		 Latitude Longitude
North Extreme Path Limit 1N100:50:46.715:28:19.015°19.3'N142°41.2'W
South Extreme Path Limit 1S100:50:52.015:28:24.215°08.8'N142°43.3'W
North Extreme Path Limit 2N204:18:06.318:55:38.643°16.1'S011°48.3'W
South Extreme Path Limit 2S204:18:02.318:55:34.543°23.9'S011°46.3'W

Explanation of Umbral Shadow Contacts and Extremes Tables

Central Line Extremes and Duration: Hybrid Solar Eclipse of -1438 Oct 16

Extreme Limits of the Central Line
Contact Event Contact Time
TD		 Time
UT1		 Latitude Longitude
Extreme Central Line Limit 1C100:50:49.415:28:21.615°14.1'N142°42.2'W
Extreme Central Line Limit 2C204:18:04.318:55:36.643°20.0'S011°47.3'W

Explanation of Central Line Extremes Table

Greatest Eclipse and Greatest Duration
Event Time
TD		 Time
UT1		 Latitude Longitude Sun
Altitude		 Sun
Azimuth		 Path Width Central
Duration
Greatest Eclipse02:34:31.617:12:03.816°19.5'S132°11.2'E 75.9° 30.3° 42.7 km01m04.08s
Greatest Duration02:38:29.417:16:01.717°24.6'S085°53.4'W 75.7° 21.3° 42.6 km01m04.17s

Explanation of Greatest Eclipse and Greatest Duration

Polynomial Besselian Elements: Hybrid Solar Eclipse of -1438 Oct 16

Polynomial Besselian Elements
-1438 Oct 16 at 03:00:00.0 TD (=t0)
n x y d l1 l2 μ
0 0.08950 -0.32812 -4.0263 0.54744 0.00128 227.0943
1 0.48983 -0.27391 -0.0162 -0.00012 -0.00012 15.0034
2 0.00002 0.00003 0.0000 -0.00001 -0.00001 -0.0000
3 -0.00001 0.00000 - - - -
Tan ƒ1 0.0047466
Tan ƒ2 0.0047230

At time t1 (decimal hours), each besselian element is evaluated by:

x = x0 + x1*t + x2*t2 + x3*t3 (or x = Σ [xn*tn]; n = 0 to 3)

where: t = t1 - t0 (decimal hours) and t0 = 3.000

Explanation of Polynomial Besselian Elements

Links for the Hybrid Solar Eclipse of -1438 Oct 16 (1439 Oct 16 BCE)

Links to Additional Solar Eclipse Information

Calendar

The Gregorian calendar (also called the Western calendar) is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named for Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in 1582. On this website, the Gregorian calendar is used for all calendar dates from 1582 Oct 15 onwards. Before that date, the Julian calendar is used. For more information on this topic, see Calendar Dates.

The Julian calendar does not include the year 0. Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions). This is awkward for arithmetic calculations. Years in this catalog are numbered astronomically and include the year 0. Historians should note there is a difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates. Thus, the astronomical year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and astronomical year -1 corresponds to 2 BCE, etc..

Eclipse Predictions

Predictions for the Hybrid Solar Eclipse of -1438 Oct 16 were generated using the JPL DE406 solar and lunar ephemerides. The lunar coordinates were calculated with respect to the Moon's Center of Mass. The predictions are given in both Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TD) and Universal Time (UT1). The parameter ΔT is used to convert between these two times (i.e., UT1 = TD - ΔT). ΔT has a value of 33747.8 seconds for this eclipse. The uncertainty in ΔT is 1708.5 seconds corresponding to a standard error in longitude of the eclipse path of ± 7.14°.

Acknowledgments

Some of the content on this website is based on the book Thousand Year Canon of Solar Eclipses 1501 to 2500. All eclipse calculations are by Fred Espenak, and he assumes full responsibility for their accuracy.

Permission is granted to reproduce eclipse data when accompanied by a link to this page and an acknowledgment:

"Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, www.EclipseWise.com"

The use of diagrams and maps is permitted provided that they are NOT altered (except for re-sizing) and the embedded credit line is NOT removed or covered.